Issue Information
Issue Information |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Issue Information
pp. i - vi | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109 Abstract Keywords:
| Original Articles
Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
The Effects of Chitosan Applications on Seed Germing and Early Seedling Period of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Under Salty Conditions
Ayşe Nur Şavkan & Ayşe Çandar pp. 277 - 288 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.1 Abstract Salinity is a global problem and can significantly reduce agricultural productivity and cause negative effects on plant growth. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer and is known to have plant growth promoting and stress reducing properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of chitosan applications on seed germination and early seedling growth in red beet under saline conditions. In the experiment, seeds of red beetroot were soaked in chitosan and pure water at concentrations of 100-200-300 ppm for one hour. Then the seeds were allowed to dry for 24 hours and germinated at 22/24°C at 100 mM salt concentration for 10 days. In the study, various growth parameters such as seed germination rate, velocity and vigour as well as root and shoot length were determined. At the end of the experiment, it was found that hydropriming and chitosan treatments significantly improved the parameters observed in red beet seeds compared to the control. In particular, 300 ppm chitosan dose was effective on germination parameters, while 200 ppm chitosan dose was the most effective in reducing the negative effects of salt and increasing the growth parameters compared to control and hydropriming. These findings suggest that chitosan can be used as a potential growth promoter and protective agent for plants exposed to salt stress. Keywords: Chitosan, Germination, Priming, Red Beetroot, Salt Stress, Seed
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
The Effect of Different Nitrogen Forms on Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infection in Pepper Plants Grown in Full and Deficient-Water Conditions
Zeynep Aslan, Miray Arlı Sökmen & Coşkun Gülser pp. 289 - 299 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.2 Abstract Abiotic stress factors have an impact on both plants and their pathogens. Water and nutrient deficiencies are among the major abiotic stress factors in agricultural systems. Viruses are obligate parasite pathogens causing detrimental yield reductions on crop plants worldwide. However, there have been limited studies on the impact of abiotic factors on plant-virus interactions. In this study, the effects of different forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection in pepper plants grown under two different irrigation regimes [water deficient (30%) and full irrigation] were investigated in a growth room condition. Fertilizer applications consisted of five individual treatments with three replications. The pepper plants were supplied with 12 kg of N/da using different sources of nitrogen [urea (CH4N2O), NH4NO3, Mg(NO3)2 and (NH4)2SO4]. MgSO4 was also added to the experiment for comparison of the effects of Mg2+ and SO42- in the fertilizers. Each treatment consisted of TSWV-inoculated plants, as well as non-inoculated (healthy) and non-fertilized plants as controls. Every plant in all treatments was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to confirm virus infection four and eight weeks after mechanical inoculation. The results showed that the virus-inoculated plants treated with urea and NH4NO3 had lower ELISA absorbance values in both deficient and full-irrigated conditions (p<0.01), suggesting greater tolerance to TSWV infection with these fertilizers. Additionally, the plants treated with Mg(NO3)2-containing fertilizer were relatively more affected by the virus under full irrigation than in water-deficient conditions. Conversely, the plants treated with (NH4)2SO4 had high virus content in deficient irrigation conditions. Despite better canopy development in full-irrigated conditions, TSWV symptoms in pepper plants were less prominent in water-deficient conditions than in full irrigation across all nutrient treatments. This study suggests that urea, NH4NO3, and Mg(NO3)2 may provide a positive contribution to plant fitness and virus suppression under water-deficient conditions. It is necessary to conduct further research to determine the impact of different nutrients and water levels on plant-virus interactions in field conditions. Keywords: TSWV, Plant Nutrients, Water Stress, Disease Tolerance
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Development of an Innovative Application for Nosemosis and Varroosis Rates in Bolu Beekeeping Locations by using Google Earth Engine
Şule Yaman & Mustafa Yaman pp. 300 - 306 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.3 Abstract Beekeeping is one of Turkiye's important sources. Our country's rich geography and various climatic conditions are quite suitable for beekeeping, which is directly related to geography, climate and topography. There has been an increasing interest in beekeeping, which provides higher income with less maintenance and cost compared to other agricultural activities. This increase has also brought to the agenda the need to take various measures to increase the efficiency obtained from beekeeping activities. The first issue to be considered is bee diseases. Nosema spp. and Varroa spp. are two important disease factors frequently encountered in beekeeping. Both cause serious health problems in bee colonies and threaten the health of bees. In this study, it is aimed to implement a map application consisting of bee disease rates in beekeeping locations in Bolu province in order to perform early detection of bee diseases and to take the necessary measures. In this direction, field studies were carried out and coordinate information of beekeeping locations in Bolu province was obtained. At the same time, bee samples were collected from these locations and examined in a laboratory. After field and laboratory studies, a data set was created with coordinate, district name, nosemosis and varroosis disease rate information. The created data set was transferred to the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and visualized. An application was developed with the codes written on the GEE platform and the coordinate, district name, nosemosis and varroosis disease rate information of the clicked district beekeeping locations were shown on the panel. This study provided a preliminary view for the first time on the nosemosis and varroosis disease rates in the same locations for the future periods and created a database for the future periods. Keywords: Google Earth Engine, Beekeeping, Nosemosis, Varroosis, Bolu
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
The Relationship Between Certain Oak Species and Ecological Factors: An Analysis of Indicator Plant Species in Bozdağlar
Ayşegül Tekeş & Kürşad Özkan pp. 307 - 323 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.4 Abstract This study aims to examine the relationships between Quercus cerris L. var. cerris, Quercus coccifera L., and Quercus infectoria Oliv. subsp. boissieri (Reut.) O.Schwarz and ecological variables using indicator species analysis and logistic regression methods. The modeling results demonstrated significant and high-accuracy performance for each species. For Q. cerris, the model yielded an AUC value of 0.774 for the training dataset and 0.761 for the test dataset, indicating "good" performance. The species' distribution was influenced by the variables BIO7, BIO3, BIO1, RUGI, and BIO12. For Q. coccifera, the model showed an AUC value of 0.892 for the training dataset and 0.887 for the test dataset, reflecting "very good" performance. The distribution of this species was primarily determined by BIO12 and BIO1. The model for Q. infectoria achieved an AUC value of 0.766 for the training dataset and 0.736 for the test dataset, indicating "good" performance, with BIO12 and BIO3 identified as the key variables affecting its distribution. Indicator species analysis was conducted using PC-ORD software to identify indicator species. The analysis revealed 11 positive and 31 negative indicator plant species for Q. cerris. For Q. coccifera, 8 positive and 1 negative indicator plant species were identified. Similarly, Q. infectoria was associated with 22 positive and 1 negative indicator plant species. This study provides a crucial foundation for understanding the distribution of oak species by integrating climate scenarios into modeling approaches, facilitating the prediction of climate change impacts and the development of strategies to mitigate these effects. The findings are expected to offer valuable insights into the ecological functionality and sensitivity of target species to environmental changes, serving as a reference for similar studies in various geographic regions. Additionally, this research establishes a significant scientific basis for sustainable forest management planning and biodiversity conservation, particularly within the Mediterranean Basin. Keywords: Ecological Characteristics, Indicator Species, Indicator Species Analysis, Logistic Regression, Modeling, Quercus Spp
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Influence of Effective Microorganisms and Mineral Fertilizers on Soil Biogenicity Parameters and Soybean Yield
Gorica Cvijanović, Vojin Đukić, Marija Bajagić, Zlatica Mamlić, Biljana Šević, Vojin Cvijanović & Aleksandra Ivetić pp. 324 - 335 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.5 Abstract The research aimed to determine the effect of the application of effective microorganisms (EM) on the basic microbiological parameters of soil biogenicity and the height of soybean yield. The research was conducted in the period from 2016-2018. Factor A is the years 2016-2018; factor B soybean genotype Galina, Sava, Rubin and factor C application of EM: variant 1 - control, variant 2 - EM in the soil 20 lha-1 and foliar treatment in the phase of plant development from three to four trefoils and the budonization phase, (5 lha- 1); variant 3 - NPK fertilizer (8:15:15), 300 kgha-1, and variant 4 - EM in the soil 20 lha-1 and foliar treatments in the stage of plant development from three to four trefoils and the budonization stage + NPK of 300 kgha- 1. During full flowering, the basic parameters of soil biogenicity, the total number of microorganisms (TNB), the number of azotobacter (AZB) and actinomycetes (ACT) were determined. At the end of the growing season, the grain yield was measured. The results showed that factor A had a very significant influence on all the examined traits. Application of EM had a significant impact on all investigated parameters. The parameters of soil biogenicity in Variant 4 EM+NPK were statistically significantly (p<0.01) higher than the control and Variant 3. Variant 2 had a greater number p<0.01 compared to the control, while in relation to the long varieties, the significance was p<0.05. Factor C significantly influenced the examined parameters. The highest number of all tested parameters was determined in the Rubin genotype's rhizosphere. The obtained results were compatible with the yield level. The variety Rubin had the highest grain yield of 4105.03 kgha-1. Variant 2 with EM increased the yield by 13.29% compared to the control, which was at the level (p<0.05), and with the application of EM+NPK variant 4, the yield was higher by 15.95%, which was at the (p<0.01) level of significance. Keywords: Effective Microorganisms, Soybean, Soil Biogenicity, Yield
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Effect of Water Deficit and Sulfur Doses on Fiber Yield and Quality in Cotton
Berkant Ödemiş, Batuhan Akgöl, Deniz Can & Yaşar Akışcan pp. 336 - 353 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.6 Abstract The study was carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Amik Plain) using the Carisma cotton variety with a randomized block design, split plots, and three replications. Various irrigation levels were implemented: full field capacity (I100), 66% (I66), 33% (I33), and non-irrigated (I0). Additionally, sulfur doses were applied as foliar sulfur at 150 ml da⁻¹ (S1), 250 ml da⁻¹ (S2), 350 ml da⁻¹ (S3), and a control (S0). The impact of these treatments was evaluated based on factors such as fiber yield, evapotranspiration, leaf sulfur concentration, and fiber quality characteristics. Evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 299 mm to 1096 mm in the first year and from 247 mm to 995 mm in the second year. In comparison to the control (K0), evapotranspiration slightly decreased with increasing sulfur doses in the first year but increased in the second year. Water restriction led to a reduction in both fiber yield and evapotranspiration in both years. Fiber yield decreased in the first year but increased in the second year with higher sulfur doses. The highest fiber yield was observed in the fully irrigated (I100) treatments in both years (227.2 kg da⁻¹ and 230.2 kg da⁻¹). Among sulfur doses, the highest fiber yield was obtained with S0 (175.8 kg da⁻¹) in the first year and S1 (185.5 kg da⁻¹) in the second year. With an increase in water restriction, ginning percentage efficiency improved in the first year but displayed an inconsistent trend in the second year. The highest ginning percentage efficiency was achieved with the S2 dose in the first year and the S1 dose in the second year, on average. The effects of irrigation water deficit and sulfur doses on fiber quality varied by year. Water stress influenced the spinning consistency index, fiber fineness, fiber length, and fiber uniformity in both years. In the first year, short fiber content and fiber strength were affected, while in the second year, fiber elongation and fiber brightness showed significant changes. Sulfur doses had fewer effects on the parameters; in the first year, fiber fineness and yellowness were impacted, whereas in the second year, the spinning consistency index, fiber uniformity, short fiber content, and fiber strength were influenced. Keywords: Cotton, Water deficit, Sulfur, Fiber quality traits
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Goats’ Milk Production and Kids' Growth: Effects of Supplementation Type Under Forest Pasture System
Yathreb Yagoubi, Mokhtar Mahouachi, Ilyes Mekki, Naziha Atti & Samir Smeti pp. 354 - 365 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.7 Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate type on goat’s milk yield and quality under forest grazing conditions as well as on their kids’ growth performances during pre-weaning. The experiment was conducted in the Ain Drahem region using a total of 26 local breed goats, divided into two groups, each managed by a breeder. Within each farm, the goats were divided into three homogeneous sub-groups based on their milk production levels. The first diet: farmer’s feed (FF) represented the control and the traditional diet combining forest grazing with occasional supplementation of fresh forage (barley, oats, and triticale). The second diet (CC) composed by forest grazing and a conventional concentrate consisting of 80% barley, 17.5% soybean meal, and 2.5% mineral-vitamin mixture. The third diet: rosemary concentrate (RC) included forest grazing and a concentrate incorporating distilled rosemary leaves (DRL) (73.5% DRL, 22.5% wheat bran, and 4% soybean meal). Each goat received 400 g of concentrate daily. During the trial, the goats had free access to water throughout the day. Goats ‘milk yield and composition, and kids’ growth parameters were recorded. The milk yield was affected neither by the diet nor by the breeder; the average milk production was 352, 293, and 338 ml for FF, CC, and RC groups, respectively. The protein content remained unchanged among groups (3.8, 3.6, and 3.5% for FF, CC, and RC, respectively; P > 0.05). Similarly, the fat content did not vary with DRL inclusion (4, 4, and 3.8% for FF, CC, and RC, respectively; P > 0.05) nor with the breeder. Despite a lower initial body weight (7 kg), kids in the RC group reached a final body weight comparable to those in the other groups. This was supported by similar average daily weight gain values (86 g/day; P > 0.05). It could be concluded that DRL incorporation in concentrate resulted in comparable milk production and kids’ growth, highlighting the potential of substituting barley with DRL in goat feeding strategies without altering the animals’ performances. Keywords: Distilled Rosemary Leaves, Goat, Milk Yield, Fat, Protein, Kids, Growth
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Determination of the Water Footprint of Quinoa Under Nevşehir Conditions
Mualla Keten Gokkus pp. 366 - 377 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.8 Abstract Quinoa is an annual crop known for its resistance to various stress factors such as drought, frost, salinity and high radiation. However, its high protein content and antioxidant properties make quinoa an important human food. Nevşehir does not have a very high potential considering its climate and water resources. The region receives an average annual rainfall of 300-400 mm. This makes it impossible to grow the majority of crops with rainfall alone. Irrigation is necessary in most cases. However, insufficient water resources and low water quality limit irrigation. The main crops grown in Nevsehir (wheat, potatoes, dry beans, dried beans, and pumpkin) are crops that need irrigation. The agricultural production potential of the region can be increased with an efficient irrigation and plant diversity planning. In this sense, quinoa is a plant with high potential for Nevşehir. Quinoa cultivation can be beneficial in irrigated or marginal agricultural areas of Nevşehir. The amount of land suitable for agriculture but not used in Nevşehir is 234 455 decares. In this study, it was investigated how much water footprint the cultivation of quinoa in Nevşehir conditions would cause. For this purpose, the amount of land that is suitable for agriculture and cannot be used in Nevşehir was considered as quinoa cultivation area. In the study, the green and blue water footprint of quinoa was calculated. The amount of water required to produce 1 ton of quinoa in Nevşehir was found to be 1575 m3 ton-1. As a result, the total water footprint of quinoa was determined as 110 900 m3. The fact that quinoa has a low water requirement and water footprint in Nevşehir compared to other crops suggests that its cultivation in the region would be beneficial. Currently, there are no studies on the cultivation of quinoa in Nevsehir and it is not produced by producers. This study has shown that the production of quinoa in Nevsehir would be very productive for marginal and arid fields in the region. Quinoa cultivation is recommended for producers in the region. Keywords: Green Water Footprint, Blue Water Footprint, Effective Rain, Virtual Water Content, Cropwat
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Microwave Drying of Persimmon Puree Using Foam Mat Technique
Hürkan Tayfun Varol & Sevil Karaaslan pp. 378 - 390 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.9 Abstract In this study, it was aimed to determine the possibilities of drying persimmon with a microwave-assisted fan and foam mat method is the best for drying time, color and energy consumption. Persimmon puree, initially containing 82.90 % moisture content, was dried using a foam drying method augmented with microwave and fan combinations until the moisture content decreased to an average of 1.9 % ± 1.13. Soy protein (1%) and maltodextrin (1%) were employed as foaming agents in the foam drying process. Microwave drying trials conducted at 1.8 Wg-1, 3.6 Wg-1, and 5.4 Wg-1 lasted 62, 22, and 14 minutes, respectively. Combination trials at 1.8 Wg-1, 3.6 Wg-1, and 5.4 Wg-1 at 100 °C lasted 57, 23, and 13 minutes, respectively, and at 150 °C for 47, 21, and 14 minutes, respectively. Twelve thin-layer drying equations were applied to determine the drying models. Each trial's drying rate, color parameters, and energy consumption were analyzed. The lowest color change observed at highest power density and temperature (5.4 Wg-1 & 150 °C). Külcü, Alibaş , Jena-Das and Midilli models emerged as the most suitable empirical equations, evidenced by the lowest root mean square error values. Statistical analyses categorized color parameters and energy consumption. The optimal energy efficiency was achieved with the 5.4 Wg-1 microwave drying method, yielding an energy consumption value of 2.12 Whg-1. Keywords: Microwave drying, Foam mat, color, Specific energy consumption
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Original article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Physical and Flowability Properties of Commercial Tomato Cream and Tarhana Soup Powders
Jasmina Tahmaz pp. 391 - 415 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.10 Abstract This study investigated the physical properties of commercial tomato soup powders and tomato soups with tarhana noodles. Three samples of tomato cream soup without noodles and three samples of tomato soup with tarhana noodles were analysed for different physical properties (density, viscosity, granulation, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, adhesiveness, foaming capacity, hygroscopicity and rehydration ratio). Flowability was assessed from the values of the angle of repose, Hausner ratio, and Carr index. Thermophysical properties were estimated from moisture content. Results showed that tomato soup powders with tarhana noodles had lower viscosity, higher bulk and tapped densities, lower adhesiveness, and lower repose angle than cream soups. Considering values of the Hausner ratio and angle of repose, it can be concluded that tomato soups with tarhana noodles had better flowability and lower cohesiveness than tomato cream soups without noodles. Values of the angle of repose indicated that tarhana soup powders had moderate/fair flowability, while tomato cream soup powder had very poor flowability. Samples with higher noodle content had lower angles of repose, higher flowability, higher density, and lower dispersibility. Kinematic viscosity ranged between 15.73 and 176.80 mm2/s. Thermophysical properties increased by increasing water content. Keywords: Tomato Cream Soup, Tarhana Soup, Powders, Physical Properties, Flowability
| Review Articles
Review article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Application of Emulsion-Based Encapsulation Methods in Food Technology: A Review
Jasmina Tahmaz pp. 416 - 438 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.11 Abstract Encapsulation is a method of entrapping and protecting sensitive active compounds into the structure of an encapsulation carrier (coating material). Capsules of different dimensions are obtained as encapsulation products. Each capsule consists of two main materials: 1) active compound and 2) carrier (coating material). The main aim of encapsulation is to protect active compounds from degradation influenced by different external factors. Encapsulation is a technique that can increase the stability and improve the usability of many active and biologically valuable natural ingredients. In recent times it has been increasingly used in food technology. Emulsification is one of the most important encapsulation methods suitable for use in food technology, which can be used alone or in combination with other encapsulation methods. The emulsion formation can be used to encapsulate hydrosoluble and liposoluble liquid substances. The size of droplets within such emulsions ranges from 0.1-5000 μm. The main advantages of this encapsulation method are the protection of the encapsulated substance from high temperatures and oxidation during heat treatment and drying, the possibility of encapsulating liposoluble and hydrosoluble substances, and the controlled release of the active substance. Emulsion-based techniques are widespread encapsulation methods suitable for the food industry. A wide range of active substances can be encapsulated, such as probiotic bacteria, proteins, amino acids, essential oils, flavonoids, vitamin E, lutein, beta carotene, fish oil, omega 3 fatty acids, aspartame and other sweeteners, xylitol and menthol in chewing gum (prolonged cooling effect), curcumin, catechin, vitamin C, vitamin B12 (for the enrichment of dairy products), vitamin B1 and herbal extracts. Obtained capsules can be applied to produce functional milk and dairy products, salad sauces and dressings, fruit juices, dried soup mixtures, functional meat products, the oil industry, and confectionery. Keywords: Encapsulation, Emulsions, Food technology, Stability, Enrichment
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Review article |
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research Vol. 8 (4)
Effects of Different Rainfall Regimes on Soil Plant Ecosystems and Preventable Adaptation Processes
Nesrin Yıldız, Raisa Kalkay & Cebrail Türkmen pp. 439 - 471 | DOI: 10.29329/ijiaar.2024.1109.12 Abstract The purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview of the global impacts on soil properties, crop production and water resources of variations in precipitation regimes as a result of climate change and to briefly summarize possible sustainable measures/adaptation processes to minimize risk. Extreme temperatures and extreme precipitation are expected to increase in the coming years due to global warming. As a matter of fact, one of the negative impacts of climate change is the “change in the intensity and distribution of precipitation”. In fact, precipitation that should fall in a few months can fall on the earth in a few hours, causing significant damages and damages. Probably no other factor causes the deterioration of soil fertility as much as rainfall, either in the short term or over the ages. The pain of rainfall is felt mainly in the soil and its effects are far-reaching. It significantly increases the need for fertilizer. Agricultural authorities and farmers, who think about economics in all matters, do not think about the fact that rainfall, which is instrumental in changing soil nutrient levels, is a major disruptor of the soil nutrient economy. In water management, as in all agricultural activities, the evolution of technology has revolutionized modern farming, but it is questionable how useful it can be for managing water. “It is essential that we do our best in water management, using all the tools we have.” Precision agriculture technology will certainly play an important role in this regard, but which tools will provide farmers with the most accurate and valuable information for water management will depend on soil and climatic conditions. Keywords: Rainfall Regime, Soil Properties, Crop Response, Climate Change |