This paper investigates the potential of using linden (Tilia spp.) as an alternative commercial species in afforestation and plantation production in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a particular focus on the impact of planting material prices as a potential limiting factor. The research includes a qualitative analysis of data from forestry company bulletins on the occurrence of pathogens associated with climate change, as well as a quantitative analysis of planting costs and market relations of wood product prices. A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the prices of oak and beech wood products. The results indicate that the price of planting material is not a key factor in the selection of species for afforestation. Also, linden shows certain advantages over traditional species, including a shorter production cycle and greater resistance to the negative impacts of climate change. The results suggest that linden has significant potential for wider application in future sustainable forest management strategies. The research provides a basis for further research and development of recommendations regarding the introduction of this species into commercial production.

The aim of this work is to calculate the nutrient and economic loss associated with different extract rate (ER) flours for use in the production of flat Arabic bread (Kmaj), and to come up with recommendations for decision makers on the feasibility of raising the ER of the flour used in its production. A review of literature was undertaken through a comprehensive search of pertinent work using keywords: wheat purification, whole wheat bread, white bread, Arabic bread in the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar. The levels of protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber content of the various ER levels of Hard Red Winter wheat flours, obtained from published literature were tabulated and averaged. Loss of the nutrients based on the nutrient content of this flour was calculated and graphically represented from the tabulated data. Analysis of Variance was performed with means separated by Duncan Multiple Range Test using SPSS program. Correlations between the different variables, and prediction equations of nutrient losses from the extraction rates of this flour were constructed. The review, supported with figures, concluded that using higher ( ER) flour in bread production would result in its improved nutritional value, and in economic savings especially for countries which rely on wheat imports to feed their populations. The millers welcomed the suggestion to increase the ER of the straight grade flour to 80%, while bakers had reservations about the idea citing negative impact of the bran and the resulting consumer rejection of the bread. Based on these results, it is recommended to increase the extraction rate of the flour used in the production of the subsidized flat bread to at least 80%.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two drying methods on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of Octopus vulgaris. Samples were dried using sun drying (SD) at 28 ± 0.75 °C and convective air drying (CAD) at 30 ± 0.12 °C. Drying and rehydration kinetics were investigated. Physicochemical analyses included pH, water activity (aᵥ), color parameters, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and trimethylamine (TMA), while microbiological quality was assessed through total viable count (TVC) and yeast and mold (YM) enumeration using standard methods. Quality attributes of the dried products were analyzed and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). CAD resulted in a significantly higher drying rate, whereas no significant differences were observed in rehydration behavior between the two drying methods. Drying led to the inhibition of yeasts and molds in both treatments, while lower total viable counts were observed in CAD-treated samples. TVB-N content increased after drying, from 5.1 ± 1.2 mg N/100 g in fresh samples to 6.0 ± 0.59 and 9.46 ± 1.81 mg N/100 g in CAD- and SD-treated samples, respectively. A similar trend was observed for TMA levels. Sun-dried octopus exhibited higher total color difference (ΔE) and browning index (BI) values, indicating more pronounced color changes and intensified non-enzymatic browning reactions. Overall, low-temperature convective air drying at 30 °C appears to be a suitable method for preserving the quality of dried octopus.

This study investigates the effects of wheat straw-derived biomethanol–diesel blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Four fuel blends were tested: pure diesel (D100) and biomethanol blends at volumetric ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15% (B5, B10, B15). Experiments were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine under four load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The results show that although the lower heating value of biomethanol increased specific fuel consumption (from 308 g/kWh to 346 g/kWh at full load), its high oxygen content and latent heat of vaporization significantly improved key emission parameters. Under full load, the B15 blend reduced exhaust gas temperature by 29 °C, soot emissions by 25%, and CO emissions by approximately 21% compared to D100. Conversely, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increased from 2165 ppm to 2420 ppm, attributed to the ignition delay characteristics of biomethanol. Overall, blending biomethanol with diesel is an effective strategy for reducing soot and CO emissions; however, further optimization is required to address the trade-off between NOx emissions and fuel consumption.

Calcareous soils, primarily characterized by the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and associated carbonate minerals, play a fundamental role in regulating soil chemical equilibrium, pH regime, buffering capacity, nutrient availability, and structural stability. Through these interconnected mechanisms, calcareous conditions exert a direct influence on agricultural productivity as well as on broader environmental outcomes. Elevated soil pH values and the abundance of bicarbonate ions in calcareous systems promote the precipitation of phosphorus (P) and the reduced solubility or strong surface adsorption of essential micronutrients such as iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). These processes frequently result in lime-induced chlorosis, yield reductions, and quality losses, particularly in fruit crops and nutritionally sensitive field crops. In contrast, acid soils, where carbonate content is absent or extremely limited, occupy a substantial proportion of the world’s arable land. Under such low-pH conditions, nutrient availability is constrained, aluminum and manganese toxicity may occur, and the solubility of potentially toxic elements increases, leading to distinct limitations on crop growth and root development. In these systems, liming represents a classical and indispensable soil amelioration practice, as it raises soil pH, increases base saturation, improves cation exchange processes, enhances soil aggregation and structural resilience, and stimulates microbial and biological activity. Beyond agricultural production, soil inorganic carbon (SIC) associated with carbonates constitutes one of the largest carbon pools in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a complex role in greenhouse gas dynamics and climate regulation. Whether SIC functions as a net atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) sink or source depends largely on the origin of calcium, fertilization intensity, and land management strategies. In acid soils, liming is commonly regarded as a practice that directly generates CO2; however, the accompanying increase in soil pH may simultaneously reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions by altering nitrogen transformation pathways, while excessive liming can enhance ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. In this context, the use of biomass-derived ashes with low heavy-metal content and silicate-based materials such as feldspar and perlite offer promising integrated management options by improving nutrient availability while contributing to long-term CO2 sequestration. Consequently, sustainable agriculture in both calcareous and acid soils should move beyond short-term yield-oriented approaches and adopt integrated environmental soil management strategies that explicitly account for greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sink potential, and climate change mitigation.