Pen Academic Publishing
Journals • Publish with us • Publishing partnership • About Us • Türkçe
Research article | Open Access
International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research 2026, Vol 10(1) 1-24

Combining Ability and Heterosis for Yield and Yield Components in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Gülten Sağlam • Mustafa Sürmen
Cite this article
Article Type
Research article
Publication Date
July 03, 2026
Pages
1-24
DOI
10.29329/ijiaar.2026.1423.17

Abstract

The objective of this research was to select parents and hybrids that would constitute a suitable initial population to develop new forage pea varieties with high herbage and seed yields suitable for the Thrace Region in Edirne province. Furthermore, the aim was to develop a forage pea breeding program suitable for the region by investigating the genetic structure of the divergence generation of hybrid compatibility. Three-line (Drujba, Gölyazı, M65) and six tester (Kurtbey, Taşkent, Mir, Kirazlı, Naota, Pleven10) parents were used as the hybrids and rootstocks as material using the Line x Tester analysis method. The study was conducted under field conditions at the Thrace Agricultural Research Institute using a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the study, measurements, counting, weighing, and analysis were conducted for plant height, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, seed yield, and 1000-seed weight. Statistical analysis was conducted using R. For the traits studied, general and specific compatibility abilities, heterosis and heterobeltiosis values, and broad and narrow-sense heritability were determined for the parents and F1 generations using line x tester analysis. In conclusion, there is sufficient genetic variation in the studied population for the yield components. Non-additive gene effects were detected for all traits studied in the F1 generation.

Keywords: Forage Peas General Combinig Ability Specific Combinig Ability Heritability
Cite this article
Sağlam, G. & Sürmen, M. (2026). Combining Ability and Heterosis for Yield and Yield Components in Field Pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.). International Journal of Innovative Approaches in Agricultural Research, 10(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijiaar.2026.1423.17

  • Abdou, A. B. A., Mohame, M. F., and Kandeel, N. M. (1999). Potential variation in a garden pea collection amenable to breeding recombinant-homozygous genotypes with enhanced earliness and pod-yield. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30 (4), 173-192. [Google Scholar]
  • Allard, R. W. (1999). Principles of plant breeding (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York. [Google Scholar]
  • Ateş, M. K., and Ceyhan, E. (2016). Development of the pea lines that is high yielded for canned and dry grains. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 3(2), 157-169. [Google Scholar]
  • Avcı, M. A., and Ceyhan, E. (2006). Correlations and genetic analysis of pod characteristics in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 1(2), 1-4. [Google Scholar]
  • Avcı, M. A., and Ceyhan, E. (2013). Determination of some agricultural characters of pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 12(7), 798-802. [Google Scholar]
  • Barcchiya, J., Naidu, A. K., Mehta, A. K., and Upadhyay, A. (2018). Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield components in pea (Pisum sativum L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6(2), 3324-3327. [Google Scholar]
  • Başbağ, S., Ekinci, R., and Gencer, O. (2007). Combining ability and heterosis for earliness characters in line× tester population of Gossypium hirsutum L. Hereditas, 144(5), 185-190. [Google Scholar]
  • Bhardwaj, R., and Kohli, U., (1999). Association and path analysis in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). Horti. J. 1999, 12(2), 61-65. [Google Scholar]
  • Borah, H. K. (2009). Studies on combining ability and heterosis in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Research-An International Journal, 32(4), 255-259. [Google Scholar]
  • Ceyhan, E. (2003). Bezelye ebeveyn ve melezlerinde bazı tarımsal özelliklerin ve kalıtımlarının çoklu dizi analiz metoduyla belirlenmesi. Doctoral Dissertation, Selçuk Üniversitesi. [Google Scholar]
  • Ceyhan, E., Avcı, M. A. and MCPhee, K. E., (2005) Konya ekolojik şartlarında kışlık olarak yetiştirilen bezelye genotiplerinin verim ve bazı tarımsal özellikleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (37), 6-12. [Google Scholar]
  • Ceyhan, E., and Avcı, M.A. (2005). Combining ability and heterosis for grain yield and some yield components in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 8 (10), 1447-1452. [Google Scholar]
  • Ceyhan, E. (2006). Bezelye ebeveyn ve melezlerinde dane verimi ve yaprak karakterlerinin uyum yetenekleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20 (40), 83-89. [Google Scholar]
  • Ceyhan, E., Avcı, M. A., and Karadaş, S. (2008). Line x tester analysis in pea (Pisum sativum L.): Identification of Superior Parents for Seed Yield and Its Components, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7 (16), 2810-2817. [Google Scholar]
  • Ceyhan, E., and Kahraman, A. (2013). Genetic analysis of yield and some characters in peas, Legume Research, 36 (4), 273-279. [Google Scholar]
  • Chakraborty, M., and Haque M., (2000). Genetic variability and component analysis in lentil (Lens Culinaris Medik). J. Res. Birsa Agric. Uni. 2000; 12(2), 199-204. [Google Scholar]
  • Collins, M., Nelson, C. J., Moore, K. J., and Barnes, R. F. (Eds.). (2017). Forages, volume 1: an introduction to grassland agriculture (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons.p [Google Scholar]
  • Dalgıç, H., (2018). İri taneli ve yüksek tane verimli konservelik ve kuru tanelik bezelye hatlarının geliştirilmesi. Doctoral Dissertation, Selçuk Üniversitesi. [Google Scholar]
  • Dar, S.A., Khan, M.H., Makhdoomi, M.I., and Sultan, S.M. (2017). Combining ability of yield and yield attributing traits in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 8 (3), 927-932. [Google Scholar]
  • Esposito, M. A., Milanesi, L. A., Martin, E. A., Cravero, V. P., Lopez, A. F. S., and Cointry, E. L. (2007). Principal component analysis based on morphological characters in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Int. J. Plant Breed, 1(2), 135-137. [Google Scholar]
  • Falconer, D.S., and Mackay, T.F.C. (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics: Heritability (4th Ed.). Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow. ISBN-10: 0582243025. (Original work published 1960) [Google Scholar]
  • Fehr, W. R. (1987). Principles of Cultivar Development: Theory and Technique. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. [Google Scholar]
  • Girgin, G., Muir, J. P., Jessup, R. W., and Schwab, A. P. (2020). Dalea aurea, D. candida, D. multiflora, and D. purpurea seedling herbage, root nitrogen, and dry matter yield as influenced by soil type, phosphorus amendment, and cowpea Rhizobium inoculant. Native Plants Journal, 21(3), 341-351. [Google Scholar]
  • Greveniotis, V., Karkanis, A., Papastylianou, P., and Bilalis, D. (2021). Yield components stability assessment of peas in conventional and low-input systems. Agriculture, 11(9), 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090805 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  • Griffing, B. (1956). Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(4), 463–493. [Google Scholar]
  • Gritton, E., (1986). Pea Breeding. In: Bassett Mj (Ed). Breeding Vegetable Crops. Avı Publishing Co., Westport, Usa, 1986, 283-319. [Google Scholar]
  • Gündüz, O. (2008). Ayçiçeğinde üstün verimli ve kaliteli hibrid kombinasyonlarının geliştirilmesi ve orobanşa (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) dayanıklılıkları ile melez performanslarının test edilmesi. Doctoral Dissertation, Uludağ Üniversitesi. [Google Scholar]
  • Halil, D.S., and Uzun, A. (2019). Determination of combining ability and hybrid performance of some pea (Pisum sativum L.) lines obtained by crossing with Line x tester analysis method. Fresenius Enviromental Bulletin, 28 (10), 7119-7123. [Google Scholar]
  • Hallauer, A. R., Carena, M. J., and Miranda Filho, J. B. (2010). Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding (3rd ed.). Springer. [Google Scholar]
  • Hanson C., Robinson H., and Comstock R., (1956). Biometrical studies of yield in segregating populations of Korean lespedeza. Agron. J. 1956, 48, 268-272. [Google Scholar]
  • İleri, O., Erkovan, Ş., Erkovan, H. İ., and Koç, A. (2020). İç Anadolu’da ikinci ürün döneminde yem bezelyesi ve bazı tahıl karışımlarının farklı ekim sıklığında yaş ot verimi ve bazı özellikleri. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 538-545. [Google Scholar]
  • Jiang, C., Pan, X. and Gu, M., (1994) The use of mixture models to detect effects of major genes on quantitative characters in s plant breeding experiment. Genetics, 136, 383-394. [Google Scholar]
  • Johnson H.W., Robınson H. F., and Comstock R.E., (1955). Estimation of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agron. J. 1955, 47, 314-318. [Google Scholar]
  • Joshi, D.J., Ravindrababu, Y., and Patel, A.M. (2016). Diallel analysis in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. var. arvense). Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 7 (3), 611-619. [Google Scholar]
  • Karayel, R., and Bozoğlu, H. (2008). Türkiye‟nin farklı bölgelerinden toplanan yerel bezelye popülasyonunun bazı agronomik özellikleri. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), 32-38. [Google Scholar]
  • Kosev, V. (2013). A brief study on the combining abilities of quantitative traits in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pinnacle Biological Sciences, 2013, 5. [Google Scholar]
  • Kranup, H. A., (1995). Comparison of three methods of selection for yield in peas (Pisum sativum L.). Agrosur, 23, 39-44. [Google Scholar]
  • Kumar, M., Jeberson, M.S., Singh, N.B., and Sharma, R. (2017). Genetic analysis of seed yield and its contributing traits and pattern of their inheritance in fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Apliend Sciences, 6 (6), 172-181. [Google Scholar]
  • Lejeune–Henaut, I., Fouilloux, G., Ambrose, M. J., Dumoulin, V. and Eteve, G. (1992). Analysis of a 5 parent half diallel in dried pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed Yield Heterosis, Agronomie, 12 (7), 545-550. [Google Scholar]
  • Mather, K., and Jinks, J. L. (1982). Biometrical Genetics: The Study of Continuous Variation. Chapman & Hall. [Google Scholar]
  • McPhee, K. E., and Muehlbauer, F. J. (2001). Biomass production and related characters in the core collection of pisum germpasm, Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 48, 195-203. [Google Scholar]
  • Mishra, S. P., Asthana, A. N., and Chahal, G. S. (1993). Heterosis for yield and yield components in field pea. Heterosis Breeding in Crop Plants- Theory and Application, Short Communications: Symposium Ludhiana, 42-43. [Google Scholar]
  • Ömeroğlu, E. (2016). Isparta koşullarında bazı yem bezelyesi (Pisum sativum L.) çeşitlerinin ot ve tohum verimleri ile bazı verim öğelerinin belirlenmesi. Master’s Degree Dissertation, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. [Google Scholar]
  • Öz, M., and Karasu, A. (2010). Bazı bezelye (Pisum sativum L) çeşitlerinin tohum verimi ve verim komponentlerinin belirlenmesi. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 44-49. [Google Scholar]
  • Praça-Fontes, M. M., Carvalho, C. R., and Clarindo, W. R., (2014). Karyotype revised of pisum sativum using chromosomal dna amount. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 300(7), 1621-1626. [Google Scholar]
  • Sarawat, P., Stoddard, F. L., and Marshall, D. R. (1994a). Genetic distance and ıts association with heterosis in peas. Euphytica, 73, 255-264. [Google Scholar]
  • Sarawat, P., Stoddard, F. L., Marshall, D. R., and Ali, S. M., (1994b). Heterosis for yield and related characters in pea. Euphytica, 80, 39-48. [Google Scholar]
  • Sarawat, P., Stoddard, F. L., and Marshall, D. R. C. (1994c). Derivation of superior f5 lines from heterotic hybrid in pea. Euphytica, 73, 265-272. [Google Scholar]
  • Santalla, M., Amurrio, J. M., and De Ron, A. M. (2001). Food and feed potential breeding value of green, dry and vegetable pea germplasm. Canadian Journal of plant science, 81(4), 601-610. [Google Scholar]
  • Sayar, M. S., Anlarsal, A. E., Açıkgöz, E., Başbağ, M., and Gül, İ (2009). Diyarbakır koşullarında bazı yem bezelyesi (Pisum arvense L.) hatlarının verim ve verim unsurlarının belirlenmesi. Türkiye VIII. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi, 19-22 Ekim 2009, Hatay. [Google Scholar]
  • Sharma, D. K., Adarsh, B. and Chaudhary, D. R. (1999). Studies on combining ability and gene action in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Idian Journal of Hill Farming, 12, 32-36. [Google Scholar]
  • Sharma, J. R. (2006). Statistical and biometrical techniques in plant breeding. New Age International. [Google Scholar]
  • Singh, R. K., and Chaudhary, B. D. (1981). Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. [Google Scholar]
  • Singh, M. N. and Singh, R. B. (1990). Genetics analysis of some quantitative characters in pea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 3 (2), 127-131. [Google Scholar]
  • Singh, M. N., Rai, B., and Singh, R. M. (1994). Potentialities of heterosis breeding in pisum. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 54 (4), 398-401. [Google Scholar]
  • Singh, R., Hemantaranjan, A., Patel, P., ve Yadav, D. (2013). Morpho-physiological attributes of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes as influenced by Salicylic acid under salinity stress. Phytomorphology, 63, 105-114. [Google Scholar]
  • Stelling, D., Ebmeyer, E., and Snoad, B. (1990) Selection in early generations of dried peas (Pisum sativum L.). II. Significance of The Environment of Selection, Plant Breeding, 105, 180-188. [Google Scholar]
  • Şimşek, D. and Ceyhan, E. (2017). Inheritance of some agronomic characters in pea, Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23 (1), 34-41. [Google Scholar]
  • Tan, M., Koç, A., Dumlu Gül, Z., Elkoca, E. and Gül, İ. (2013). Determination of dry matter yield and yield components of local forage pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.) ecotypes. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19, 289-296. [Google Scholar]
  • Tamkoç, A. (2007). Kışlık olarak ekilen yem bezelyesi hatlarının verim ve bazı bitkisel özellikleri. Türkiye VII. Tarla Bitkileri Kongresi. Çayır Mera, Yem Bitkileri ve Endüstri Bitkileri, 95(97), 25-27. [Google Scholar]
  • Tiwari, S.K., Sıngh H.I., Kumar R, and Nıgam H.K. (2001). A post-mortem of selection parameters in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Crop Res. 2001, 2(2), 237-242. [Google Scholar]
  • Tiwari, G, and Lavanya, G. P. (2012). Genetic variability, character association, and component analysis in f4 generation of field pea (Pisum sativum Var. arvense L.). Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 2012, 25(2), 173-175. [Google Scholar]
  • Uhlarik, A., Ćeran, M., Živanov, D., Grumeza, R., Skøt, L., Sizer-Coverdale, E., and Lloyd, D. (2022). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization and correlation analysis of pea (Pisum sativum L.) diversity panel. Plants, 11(10), 1321. [Google Scholar]
  • Yimam, K., Tesfaye, D., Yilma, G., and Abo, T. (2024). Genetic variability and characters association for lodging, yield and related traits of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes in contrasting plant types. Ecological Genetics and Genomics, 33, 100289. [Google Scholar]
  • Zaman, S., and Hazarika, G. N. (2005). Combining ability in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Legume Research-An International Journal, 28(4), 300-302. [Google Scholar]